The results of cretaceous sand’s reserve for lower Indus basin prove compressionional tectonics with many anticlinal and faults. The seismic amplitude and inversion anomaly, potentially indicative of porous reservoirs, are located in each formation. The data integration techniques such as co-kriging or neural networks were used for single and multiobjective function optimization for formations evaluation of entire area. Tomography imaging has reveal earth properties and the focal mechanism inversion covered the geological formations. The seismic inversion data approach was used first time on Indus basin to understand trapping mechanism of hydrocarbons with performing reservoir characterization.
#GEOMODEL TO SCALE ISO#
The seismic interpretation models are based on iso velocity depth contour method and seismic inversion models are based on sparse spike models. It combines study of stratigraphical and structural trends of Lower Indus basin for each formation on regional scales including evaluation of resource potential based on seismic and well log data.
To explore its hidden realities on basis of advance technologies of exploration geophysics, the present study has carried out to open new horizons in the field of exploration geophysics. The geomodel realizations were ranked by expected pseudo-dynamic behaviour with connected exploitable pay as a critical parameter.The Lower Indus Basin in Pakistan has its significance and has proven oil and gas potential in Pakistan. In preparation for reservoir simulation, connectivity calculations within the local pool geomodel realizations were tailored for the reservoir heterogeneities (i.e., IHS) that are expected to have a major impact on the specific thermal and gravity drainage extraction processes. To investigate the amount of connected resources (the degree of connectivity of good sand as well as IHS) were extractable flow simulation studies were performed at the pad scale. The distributions from the micro- and mini-modeling were introduced using probability field (P-field) simulation. Empirically derived saturation versus elevation profiles for each electrofacies were included in the modeling. Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) was used to map the distribution of key petrophysical parameters such as effective porosity, effective water saturation and V shale. Each geomodel area was characterized using one variogram to efficiently compute the horizontal and vertical variogram ranges and average azimuths. The geometrical shape of the electrofacies in the geomodel was investigated using non-stationary Truncated Gaussian (TG) facies simulation to enforce the stacking patterns. At the electrofacies scale, numerical effective porosity-permeability models were created using micromodeling and minimodeling concepts. Seven electrofacies (with generally increasing mud content) were defined and used as input to construct vertical proportion curves that relate the electrofacies distribution to geomodel statistics in the main reservoir zone.
Multiple reactivation events, which control the heterolithic nature and reservoir quality of the deposits, create developable “pools”. The conceptual depositional model was based on the analysis of the migration and re-orientation history of the IHS-dominated point bars reflecting lateral accretion, downstream migration, rotation and relocation of the bars.
High-resolution seismic data and well data (core, dipmeter, HMI) were used to map four facies associations, comprising a total of 16 sedimentary facies, as well as various fluid contacts to assist in reservoir characterization and risk assessment. Hybrid production technologies were applied to thin pay, typified by homogeneous reservoir sand units thicker than 5 m at the base overlain by IHS (so-called ‘thin pay’), as well as IHS-dominated reservoirs in which the IHS extends down to the base of the reservoir. Bitumen reservoirs dominated by inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS) formed in large point bars of the Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) McMurray Formation in the northwestern part of the Corner oil sand lease (Alberta, Canada) were investigated to establish their value.